Lattarulo F. (Ed.) Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Systems

Elsevier Ltd., 2007, 324 pages, ISBN: 0080452612A large amount of natural or artificially produced physical phenomena are exploited for practical applications, even though several of them give rise to unpleasant consequences. These ultimately manifest themselves under form of malfunction or definitive failure of components and systems, or environmental hazard. So far, manifold categories of inadvertent or deliberate sources have been discovered to simultaneously produce useful effects in some ways but adverse ones in others. In particular, responsible for the growing interest in the last decades for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) has been the progressive miniaturisation and sensitivity of electronic components and circuits, often operating in close proximity to relatively powerful sources of electromagnetic interference. Potential authors of books on the subject-matter are fully aware of the fact that planning production of manageable handbooks capable to treat all the EMC case studies of practical and long-lasting interest could result in a questionable and difficult undertaking. Therefore, in addition to textbooks providing a thorough background on basic aspects, thus being well-tailored for students and those which want to get in contact with this discipline, the most can be made to jointly sustain a helpful and practicable publishing activity is to supply specialised monographs or miscellanies of selected topics. Such resources are preferentially addressed to post-graduate students, researchers and designers, often employed in the forefront of research or engaged for remodelling design paradigms. Hence, the prerequisite for such a class of publications should consist in arousing critical sense and promoting new ideas. This is the object of the present book which tries to rather discuss special subjects, or throw out suggestions for reformulating conventional approaches, than to appear as a reference text. A common motivation encouraged the contributors to bringing together a number of accounts of the research that they have undertaken over the late years: willing to fill the important need of covering EMC topics rather proper to transmission and distribution of electric power than, more usually, to Electronics and Telecommunication Systems. It presents EMC topics for Power Systems, at last. It investigates EMC features of distributed and/or complex systems. It includes a broad body of knowledge for specific applications and is a stimulating support for those which are engaged in the forefront of research and design. It includes an example of how breaking ideas should be encouraged and proudly applied. It is a fruitful critique to overcomplicated and unpractical models, and is a comprehensive resource to estimate the important role of EMC at lower frequencies.A Combined Electrostatic–Electrodynamic Approach to Lightning Pre-Stroke Phenomena and Related EMC Problems
Preliminary Remarks
Thundercloud Electrostatic Modelling
Electric Field at the Plane
On-Axis Electric Field
Pre-Stroke Electrostatics
Pre-Stroke Electrodynamics
Concluding Remarks
Appendix A
On-ground field
On-axis field (below the cell bottom)
Appendix B
Appendix C
Space-charge-free electrostatic solution
Space-charge-free electrodynamic solution
E-field solution including corona
Appendix DA Reasoned Approach to Lightning Electromagnetics and Coupling to Nearby Power Transmission LinesRemarks on the Pre-Stroke and Stroke-in-Progress Phases
Corona activity
Surge current velocity
Earth performances
Antenna Model
Discussion
Return-Stroke Current
Induced Voltage on a Nearby Line
Actual excitation field
Coupling to a nearby line
Example of application and discussion
Concluding Remarks
Appendix A
Appendix BEffects of Geomagnetic Storms on Long Distance AC Transmission SystemsSystem Representation
Power transformer and autotransformer representation
Static VAR compensator representation
Coordinated Compensation Strategy
Test Results
ConclusionsEvaluation of the AC Interferences between Transmission Lines and Metallic Underground StructuresSystem Representation
Test Results
ConclusionsThe Crucial Case of Quasistatic Magnetic Field Penetration into Metallic Enclosures: An Unexplored ModelUnloaded Short Aperture
Preliminary remarks
Concentrated magnetic flux penetration
Distributed magnetic field penetration
Loaded Short Aperture and Perforated Sheet
Appendix A
Flux linking a short elliptic aperture
Appendix B
Resistance and inductance of an elliptic aperture when resulting unfilled, or filled by a continuous sheet
Appendix C
Flux penetration into an aperture blocked by a sheet of different material
Appendix D
Some remarks on the notion of flux linkage applied to a holeDiakoptic Approach to EMC Problems Involving the Human BodyDiakoptic Approach Applied to ELF Electric Field Exposure of HB
Evaluation of equivalent capacitances to earth
Effective electrostatic heights and evaluation of the junction currents
Earthed person on the plane
Person suspended above the earth
Improved HB Model for ESD Applications
Preliminary remarks
Evaluation of the serial parameters Ri and Li
Transient analysis
Contact discharge mode
Air discharge mode
Conclusions
Appendix A
Sphere above a planeNew Power Quality Assessment Criteria for Harmonic Disturbances
Introduction about Power Quality
Different kinds of disturbances
Frequency variations
Voltage amplitude variations
Waveform variation
Electromagnetic Compatibility: Standards
IEC harmonic standards
IEEE Harmonic standards
Comparison of IEC and IEEE standards harmonic limits
Harmonic Distortion Level Monitoring
Evaluation of the voltage and current distortion
The need for new indices
New Power Quality Assessment Criteria for Supply Systems under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions
Basic assumptions
New criterion for harmonic distortion evaluation
Simulation results
Experimental results
ConclusionsDesign of Line Front-End Converter Systems under Real Line ConditionsBasic Function, Operating Limits and Mathematical Models
Basic Control
Phase control
AC current control
Two axis-based current control
Use of averaging and linearisation
The voltage oriented control
Advanced Control Techniques
Sensorless control techniques
Direct power control
Design Criteria for PI-Based Current Controller
PI-based current control design example
Design Criteria for DC Voltage Control
PI-based voltage control
PI-based voltage control design example
Non-Ideal Operating Conditions
Delays
Grid unbalance
Position of the grid sensors
Passive damping of the LCL filter
ConclusionsAdjoint Network Theory to Analyse the Power Converters with Respect to their Line-side BehaviourVSC Power Converters Connected to the Line
Modelling of the Current Controlled Voltage Source Converter with the Virtual Circuit Approach
Sensitivity Analysis in the Frequency Domain
Basic definitions
Application of the adjoint network
Sensitivity Analysis Based on the Adjoint Circuit: Case Study
Sensitivity of the line current with respect to the transformer inductance
Sensitivity of the line current with respect to the number of sample delays
Sensitivity analysis with respect to the LCL filter
ConclusionsHarmonic Load Flow Applications for Industrial Power Systems DesignPower System Response to Harmonics
Probabilistic Formulation
Case Study
Passive Harmonic Filters
Minimal Cost Design for Harmonic Reduction
Optimisation Algorithm
Case StudyShunt Active Filters to Mitigate Harmonic Propagation in Distribution LinesActive Filters
Identification of the Polluting Load
Shunt Active Filters (SAFs)
Reference current generation
p–q method
APF AC current control
Optimisation Methods for SAFs
Introduction to fuzzy control
The fuzzy logic applied to the current control of SAFs
Introduction to the use of Nelder–Mead optimisation
The Nelder–Mead optimisation of the third harmonic compensated by an AF
Real-Time Control Implementation
Control code sections
Fuzzy algorithm software implementation
Conclusions