Eemeren Frans H. van et al. (eds.). Handbook of Argumentation Theory

Springer, 2014. — 988 p.Argumentation theory
Argumentation as a Topic of Research
The Descriptive and Normative Dimensions of Argumentation Theory
Crucial Concepts in Argumentation Theory
Standpoints at Issue in Argumentative Discourse
Unexpressed Premises in Argumentative Discourse
Argument Schemes Characterizing Types of Argumentation
Argumentation Structures as Logical or Functional Entities.
Fallacies as Contaminators of Argumentative Discourse
Different Theoretical Approaches to Argumentation
Overview of the Contents of this Study
Classical backgound
Dialectic, Logic, and Rhetoric
Beginnings of Dialectic, Logic, and Rhetoric
The Beginnings of Dialectic and Logic
The Beginnings of Rhetoric
Aristotle’s Theory of Dialectic.
The Dialectical Procedure
Goals of Dialectical Debates and of Other Types of Dialogue: Their Argumentative Character
The Topoi
Debate Instructions
Aristotle’s Theory of Fallacies
Aristotle’s Concept of Fallacy
Aristotle’s List
Solutions of Fallacies
Cicero and Boethius on Topics (Loci)
Cicero’s View of Loci
Boethius’ View of Loci
Aristotle’s Syllogistic
The Language of Syllogistic
Deductions by Rules of Conversion
Deductions in the Figures
Proving Validity
Aristotle’s Method of Contrasted Instances
The Completeness of Syllogistic.
Stoic Logic
Signs and Their Signification
Simple and Complex Propositions
Arguments
The Stoic Formal System
Aristotle’s Rhetoric
The Definition of Rhetoric
The Modes of Persuasion
The Three Genres
Rhetorical Topoi
Rhetorical Fallacies.
Other Contributions
The System of Classical Rhetoric
Invention
Arrangement
Wording
Memorization.
Performance
The Classical Heritage
Dialectic and Logic
Rhetoric
Classical Works.
Postclassical backgrounds
Postclassical Contributions to Argumentation Theory
Argumentation and Logic
Concepts of Logical Validity.
Semantic Validity in Logic Textbooks
Roots of the Two Semantic Conceptions
Bolzano’s Generalization of Formal Validity
Three Senses of Counterexample
Syntactic Concepts of Validity
Traditional Approaches to Fallacies
The Standard Treatment of Fallacies.
Hamblin’s Criticisms of the Standard Treatment
Crawshay-Williams’s Analysis of Controversy
Næss on Clarifying Discussions
Barth’s Dual Approach to Logical Validity
Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation
Toulmin’s Intellectual Background.
The Uses of Argument.
The Geometrical Model of Validity
Analytic and Substantial Arguments.
Field-Invariance and Field-Dependency
The Form Arguments Take and Their Validity.
A New Model of Argumentation
Appropriations of the Toulmin Model.
Applications of the Toulmin Model
Critical Appreciation of Toulmin’s Contribution to Argumentation Theory
The new rhetoric
The Authors, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca
The Intellectual Backgrounds of the Authors
General Characteristics of the New Rhetoric
The Dominant Role of the Audience
Points of Departure of Argumentation
A Taxonomy of Argument Schemes
Quasi-logical Argumentation
Argumentation Based on the Structure of Reality
Argumentation Establishing the Structure of Reality
Argumentation by Dissociation.
Recognition and Elaboration of the New Rhetoric
Critical Appreciation of the New Rhetoric
Formal dialectical approaches
The Nature of Formal Approaches to Argumentation
The Use of Formal Systems
Contents of This Chapter.
The Erlangen School.
Ortholanguage.
Elementary Statements
Complex Statements
Conjunction (^).
Disjunction (∨).
Conditional (!)
Negation ()
Universal Statement (8)
Existential Statement (∃).
Dialogue Rules.
An Example.
Logical Truth
What Has Been Achieved and What Remains to Be Done
Hintikka’s Systems.
Games of Seeking and Finding
Information-Seeking Dialogues.
Rescher’s Dialectics
Rescher’s Model for Formal Disputations
Remarks About Rescher’s System.
Barth and Krabbe on Formal Dialectics.
Roles
The Rules of Formal Dialectics.
Elementary Rules.
Systematic Dialectics
Realistic Dialectics.
Rewarding Dialectics.
Thoroughgoing Dialectics
Orderly Dialectics
Dynamic Dialectics
Attacks on Elementary Statements
An Example.
Informal logic
Conceptions of Informal Logic
The Informal Logic Movement
Blair and Johnson’s Contributions to Informal Logic
Finocchiaro’s Historical and Empirical Approach
Govier’s Critical Analysis of Key Issues in Informal Logic
Epistemological Approaches
Freeman on Argument Structure and Argument Acceptability
Walton on Argumentation Schemes and Dialogue Types
Hansen on Fallacy Theory, Methods, and Key Concepts
Hitchcock’s Contributions to Informal Logic.
Tindale’s Rhetorical Approach.
Communication study and rethoric
The Development of Communication Studies and Rhetoric
The Debate Tradition.
Starting Points for Theorizing.
Historical-Political Analysis.
Rhetorical Studies of Argumentation.
Argument Fields and Spheres of Argumentation
Normative Pragmatics
Argumentation in Persuasion Research.
Argumentation in Interpersonal Communication
Linguistic approaches
Language-Oriented Approaches to Argumentation.
Grize’s Natural Logic.
Ducrot and Anscombre’s Semantic Approach
Radical Argumentativism.
Polyphony in Argumentative Discourse
The Theory of Semantic Blocks
Francophone Discourse Analytic Approaches
Christian Plantin.
Marianne Doury
Ruth Amossy.
The Luganese Semantic-Pragmatic Approach.
The Argumentum Model of Topics.
Cultural Keywords and Modalities
The pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation
Origins and Development.
Overview of the Chapter.
The Normative Pragmatic Research Program
Meta-theoretical Starting Points.
The Model of a Critical Discussion.
Analysis as Reconstruction.
Rules for Critical Discussion
Fallacies as Violations of Rules for Critical Discussion
Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse
Conventionalization of Argumentative Discourse.
Fallacies as Derailments of Strategic Maneuvering.
Qualitative Empirical Research of Argumentative Reality.
Quantitative Empirical Research of Argumentative Reality.
Applications to Specific Communicative Domains.
The Legal Domain
The Political Domain
The Medical Domain
The Academic Domain.
Critical Responses to the Pragma-dialectical Theory
The Dialectical and Pragmatic Dimensions
Extensions of the Scope
The Rhetorical Dimension of Pragma-dialectics and Its Moral Quality
The Treatment of the Fallacies
The Epistemic Dimension
Argumentation and artificial intelligence
Research on Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence.
Non-monotonic Logic.
Reiter’s Logic for Default Reasoning
Logic Programming
Themes in the Study of Non-monotonic Logics
Impact of the Study of Non-monotonic Logic
Defeasible Reasoning
Defeasible Reasoning: Origins
Pollock’s Undercutting and Rebutting Defeaters
Forms of Argument Defeat
Abstract Argumentation
Dung’s Abstract Argumentation
Labelling Arguments
Arguments with Structure
Arguments and Specificity
Comparing Conclusive Force
Arguments with Prima Facie Assumptions
Arguments and Classical Logic
Combining Support and Attack
Argument Schemes
Argumentation Dialogues
Argumentation Dialogues in AI and Law
Argumentation Dialogues in Multi-agent Systems
Reasoning with Rules
Case-Based Reasoning
Values and Audiences
Argumentation Support Software
Argument Diagramming in Software
Integration of Rules and Argument Schemes
Argument Evaluation.
Broader Disciplinary and International Scope
Critical Discourse Analysis
Historical Controversy Analysis
Persuasion Research and Related Quantitative Research
The Argumentative Turn in Cognitive Psychology
Argumentation Studies in the Nordic Countries
Argumentation Studies in German-Speaking Areas
Argumentation Studies in Dutch-Speaking Areas
Argumentation Studies in French-Speaking Areas
Argumentation Studies in Italian-Speaking Areas
Argumentation Studies in Eastern Europe
Argumentation Studies in Russia and Other Parts of the Former USSR
Argumentation Studies in Spanish-Speaking Areas
Argumentation Studies in Portuguese-Speaking Areas
Argumentation Studies in Israel
Argumentation Studies in the Arab World
Argumentation Studies in Japan
Argumentation Studies in China