Salmon M.H. Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking

New York: Cengage Learning, 2013. — 530 p.Preface to the Sixth Edition
Table of Contents in BriefIntroduction to ArgumentsArguments and Logic
Recognizing Arguments
Extended Arguments
Reconstructing Arguments
ReviewPaying Special Attention to the Language of ArgumentsAmbiguity
Vagueness
Definitions
Use and Mention
ReviewDeductive Arguments, Inductive Arguments, and FallaciesDeductive Arguments
Inductive Arguments
Fallacies
ReviewA Closer Look at Inductive ArgumentsStatistical Syllogisms
Arguments from Analogy
Arguments Based on Samples
Pro and Con Arguments
ReviewCausal ArgumentsMill's Methods for Establishing Causes
Controlled Experiments
Different Uses of "Cause"
Hume's Analysis of Causation
Causal Fallacies
ReviewProbabilities and Inductive LogicThe Rules of Probability
Using Probabilities to Plan a Course of Action-Decision Theory
ReviewConfirmation of HypothesesHypotheses
The Hypothetico-Deductive Method
Complexities in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method
Incremental Confirmation and Absolute Confirmation
Disconfirmation
Bayesian Confirmation
ReviewDeductive Reasoning-Sentential LogicProperties of Deductive Arguments: Validity and the Importance of Logical Form
Conditional Sentences
Two Conditional Argument Forms
Fallacies Associated with These Conditional Forms
Additional Forms of Sentential Arguments
Symbolizing Connectives
Symbolizing English Sentences
Determining the Truth Values of Compound Sentence Forms
Determining the Validity or Invalidity of Argument Forms
Tautologies, Self-Contradictions, and Contingent Sentences
ReviewCategorical SyllogismsCategorical Sentences
Translating English Sentences into Standard Categorical Forms
Testing for Validity with Venn Diagrams
Distribution of Terms-Fallacies of Distribution
Other Ways to Test the Validity of Syllogisms
Reducing the Number of Terms in Syllogisms
Reconstructing Ordinary-Language Arguments as Syllogisms
Quasi-Syllogisms and Sorites
ReviewQuantifiers and Arguments in Which Validity Depends on RelationshipsExamples of Relational Arguments
Important Properties of Relationships
Using Quantifiers to Express Relationships
Symbolizing Arguments
ReviewAppendix One: Proof Method for Truth-Functional LogicThe Proof Method
Justifying the Rules of InferenceAppendix Two: Index of FallaciesAnswers to Even-Numbered Exercises