White G.K. Experimental Techniques In Low-Temperature Physics

Third edition. Monograph, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979. — 331 p.This book was written chiefly to help those physicists, physical chemists, metallurgists, and engineers who need to carry out investigations at low temperatures. It deals with the production and measurement of low temperatures, the handling of liquefied gases on the laboratory scale, the prnciples and some details of the design of experimental cryostats, including the problems of heat transfer and temperature control. Physical data on heat capacities, expansion coefficients, and the electrical and thermal conductivities of materials used in making low-temperature equipment are given. While there are many references to technical details, enough of fundamental principles is included to make the book useful to the advanced university student or graduate student. Additional material in the third edition includes the use of helium-3 for cooling below 1K by dilution refrigeration and Pomeranchuk cooling, the present status of the International Practical Temperature Scale and other thermometry developments, new physical data on materials, and commercial suppliers. (author)