Jin Shuanggen (ed.) Global Navigation Satellite Systems - Signal, Theory and Applications

InTech, 2012. — 438 p.Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used in navigation, positioning, timing, and scientific questions related to precise positioning on Earth’s surface as a highly precise, continuous, all-weather and real-time technique, since GPS became fully operational in 1993. In addition, when the GPS signal propagates through the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere, it is delayed by the atmospheric refractivity. Nowadays, the atmospheric and ionospheric delays can be retrieved from GPS observations, which have facilitated greater advancements in meteorology, climatology, numerical weather models, atmospheric science, and space weather. Furthermore, GPS multipath as one of the main error sources has been recently recognized that GPS reflectometry (GPS-R) from the Earth’s surface could be used to sense the Earth’s surface environments. Together, with the US's modernized GPS-IIF and planned GPS-III, Russia’s restored GLONASS, the coming European Union's GALILEO system, and China's Beidou/COMPASS system, as well as a number of Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS), such as Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) and India’s Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (IRNSS), more potentials for the next generation multi-frequency and multi-system global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) will be realized. Therefore, it is valuable to provide detailed information on GNSS techniques and applications for readers and users.
This book is devoted to presenting recent results and development in GNSS theory, system, signals, receiver, and applications with a number of chapters. First, the basic framework of GNSS system and signals processing are introduced and illustrated. The core correlator architecture of the next generation GNSS receiver baseband hardware is presented and power consumption estimates are analyzed for the new signals at the core correlator level and at the channel level, respectively. Because the performance of the traditional GNSS is constrained by its inherent capability, an innovative design methodology for future unambiguous processing techniques of Binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated signals is proposed. Some practical design examples with this methodology are tested to show the practicality and to provide reference for further algorithm development. More and more future GNSS systems and the integrity of multi-GNSS system, including GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, and Beidou are very important for future high precision navigation and positioning. Here, the integrity concepts are proposed for the different constellations (GPS/EGNOS and Galileo) and some performances are evaluated.
Second, high precise GNSS navigation and positioning are subject to a number of errors sources, such as multipath and atmospheric delays. The challenges and mitigation of GNSS multipath effects are discussed and evaluated. In general, the better multipath mitigation performance can be achieved in moderate-to-high C/N0 scenarios (for example, 30 dB-Hz and onwards). Due to complicated situations and varied environments of GNSS observations, the multipath mitigation remains a challenging topic for future research with the multitude of signal modulations, spreading codes, spectrum placements, and so on. Concerning the atmospheric and ionospheric delays, it is normally mitigated using models or dual-frequency GNSS measurements, including higher order ionospheric propagation effects. In contrast, the delays and corresponding products can be retrieved from ground-based and space borne GNSS radio occultation observations, including high-resolution tropospheric water vapor, temperature and pressure, tropopause parameters, and ionospheric total electron content (TEC) as well, which have been used in meteorology, climatology, atmospheric science, and space weather.
Third, the wide GNSS applications in navigation, positioning, topography, height system, wheeled robots status, and engineering surveying are introduced and demonstrated, including hybrid GNSS positioning, multi-sensor integration, indoor positioning, Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK), regional height determination, etc. For example, the precise outdoor 3-D localization solution for mobile robots can be determined using a loosely-coupled kalman filter (KF) with a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU) and micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based sensors, wheel encoders and GNSS. Also, GNSS can precisely monitor the vibration and characterize the dynamic behavior of large road structures, particularly the bridges. These results are comparable with the displacement transducer and vibration test on a wooden cable-stayed footbridge. In addition, Network RTK methods are presented, as well as their applications, including in engineering surveying, machine automation, and in the airborne mapping and navigation.
This book provides the basic theory, methods, models, applications, and challenges of GNSS navigation and positioning for users and researchers who have GNSS background and experience. Furthermore, it is also useful for the increasing number of the next generation multi-GNSS designers, engineers, and users community. We would like to gratefully thank InTech Publisher, Rijeka, Croatia, for their processes and cordial cooperation with publishing this book.GNSS Signals and System
High Sensitivity Techniques for GNSS Signal Acquisition
Baseband Hardware Designs in Modernised GNSS Receivers
Unambiguous Processing Techniques of Binary Offset Carrier Modulated Signals
Evolution of Integrity Concept – From Galileo to Multisystem
GNSS Navigation and Applications
Estimation of Satellite-User Ranges Through GNSS Code Phase Measurements
GNSS in Practical Determination of Regional Heights
Precise Real-Time Positioning Using Network RTK
Achievable Positioning Accuracies in a Network of GNSS Reference Stations
A Decision-Rule Topological Map-Matching Algorithm with Multiple Spatial Data
Beyond Trilateration: GPS Positioning Geometry and Analytical Accuracy
Improved Inertial/Odometry/GPS Positioning of Wheeled Robots Even in GPS-Denied Environments
Emerging New Trends in Hybrid Vehicle Localization Systems
Indoor Positioning with GNSS-Like Local Signal Transmitters
Hybrid Positioning and Sensor Integration
GNSS Errors Mitigation and Modelling
GNSS Atmospheric and Ionospheric Sounding
Ionospheric Propagation Effects on GNSS Signals and New Correction Approaches
Multipath Mitigation Techniques for Satellite-Based Positioning Applications