Haegeman Liliane. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory

Blackwell, 1994. — 725 pages.Linguistics: the science of language
The native speaker: grammaticality and acceptability
Descriptive adequacy
Grammaticality and acceptability
The grammar as a system of principles
Knowledge of language
The poverty of the stimulus
Universal grammar
Parameters and universal grammar
Language learning and language acquisition
The generative linguist
The new comparative syntax
Principles and parameters: a recapitulation
The pro-drop properties
Relating the properties
Agreement and pro-drop
Purpose and organization of the book
General purpose
Organization
Exercises
The lexicon and sentence structure
Introduction and overview
The units of syntactic analysis
Words and phrases
Predicates and arguments
Subcategorization
Argument structure and thematic structure
Argument structure in logic
Argument structure in natural language
Theta theory
The projection principle
The assignment of thematic roles
Clausal arguments
Expletives
t and extraposition
There and existential sentencesMain verbs and auxiliaries
The extended projection principle (EPP)
Thematic roles: further discussion
The canonical realization of theta roles
The subject theta roleExercises
PHRASE STRUCTURE
ntroduction and overview
Syntactic structure: recapitulation
The structure of phrases
The verb phrase
Layered VPs
Parametric variation and word order
Extending the proposal
Noun phrases
Adjective phrases
Prepositional phrases
bar theory
The structure of sentences
ntroduction
S as a projection of INFL
AUX and tense
Agreement
nfinitival clauses
The structure of IP
S' as a projection of CC as the .head of CP
Head-to-head movement
The structure of CP
Summary: X' -theory and functional categories
Small clauses
Structural relations
Agreement patterns
C-command and government
C-command and the first branching node
Government
M-command and government
Learnability and binary branching: some discussion
Features and category labels? Exercises
CASE lHEORY
ntroduction and overview
Morphological and abstract case
Structural case: NOMINATIVE and ACCUSATIVE
Complements: ACCUSATIVE
and P as case-assigners
A note on minimality and government
Subjects: NOMINATIVE and ACCUSATIVE
NOMINATIVE subjects
The subject of infinitival clauses
For as a case-marker
Exceptional case-marking
Small clausesAdjectives and nouns
Of-insertion
Failure of of-insertion
nherent case in German: some examples
Adjacency and case assignment
Passivization: preliminary discussion
Passivization and argument structure
Case absorption
The properties of passivization
Passive and inherent case
German
The double object construction in English
discussion
sibility
Explaining the case filter
Movement and chains (introduction)
Case and NP-licensingExercises
ANAPHORIC RELATIONS AND OVERT NPs
ntroduction and overview
Reflexives
Binding and antecedent
Locality constraints
Structural relations between antecedent and reflexive
The domain of reflexive binding
Governors
Subjects
Complete functional complex
Subject and big SUBJECT
Accessible SUBJECT and the i-within-; filter
Reflexive interpretation: summary
Anaphors: reflexives and reciprocals
Pronouns
Referential expressions
The binding theory
Discussion section: problems in the binding theory
mplicit arguments
Possessive pronouns and anaphors
NP types and features
NPs as feature complexes
The binding theory in terms of features
The last NP
Appendix: circularityExercises
NON-OVERT CATEGORIES: PRO AND CONTROL
ntroduction and overview
The non-overt subject of infinitivals
Theta roles and understood arguments
The extended projection principle
Local relations
Purpose clauses
Together
Predicates
Binding
The features of PRO
[+Anaphoric] and [+Pronominal]
Nominal features
The distribution of PRO
The data
PRO and overt NPs
PRO must be ungoverned: the PRO theorem
Other non-finite clauses and PRO
Properties of control
Obligatory control and optional control
· Subject control vs. object control
C-command and obligatory control
The controller: argument control
Control patterns: further examples
PRO in complement clauses
Passivization and control
PRO in adjunct clauses
PRO in subject clauses
Obligatory control is not a lexical featureExercises
TRANSFORMATIONS: NP-MOVEMENT
ntroduction and overview
Movement transformations
Passivization: recapitulation
Questions
Survey
Yes-no questions
Echo questions
Wh-questions
Syntactic representations
NP-movement
ntroduction: passive and raising
Traces
Theta theory
The extended projection principle
Local relations
Some properties of NP-movement
Properties of A-chains
C-command
Raising adjectives
Burzio's generalization
Case-marking and argument structure
Unaccusatives in Italian
Ne-cliticization
ntroduction: extraction from objects
Transitive sentences and free
nversion
Post-verbal subjects of passive verbs
Post-verbal subjects and one-argument
erbsAuxiliary selection
One-argument verbs in English
Raising predicates
erbs of movement and (change of) state
Ergative-causative pairs
Levels of representation and principles of the grammar
The structure preserving principle
The theta criterion
The extended projection principle
The case filter
The binding theory
Level of application
The feature composition of NP-traces
Chains and movement
Chains
Derivational conception vs. representational
conception of chains
Subjects and derived subjectsExercises
WH-MOVEMENT
ntroduction and overview
Wh-movement: some exameles
Wh-phrases
The landing site of wh-movement
Long vs. short movement
C-command
Wh-movement and substitution
The doubly filled COMP filter
Adjunction
General discussion
Wh-movement as adjunction?
A note on some alternative proposals
Movement of maximal projections: A-movement vs
A'-movement
Traces and wh-movement
Theta theory and the projection principle
Agreement and binding
Case
Wh-pronouns and case
Wh-trace vs. NP-trace: more contrasts
Adjunct traces
Subject movement
acuous movement
The that-trace filter
Bounding theory
sland constraints: the data
The complex NP constraint
Wh-islands
slands
Subjacency
The subjacency condition on movement
The complex NP constraint
Wh-islands
Subjacency as a diagnostic for movement
Left dislocation: movement and copying?
Relative clauses and wh-movement
Relative clauses and resumptive pronouns
NP-movement
The subjacency parameter
Binding theory and traces of wh-movement
Typology of NPs
Crossover
Movement to the right in English
Heavy NP-shiftExercises
AN INVENTORY OF EMPTY CATEGORIES
ntroduction and overview
Null elements in English: recapitulation
D-structure representations
dentification of null elements
Government
The binding theory and the typology of NPs
NP-trace and PRO
Chain formation
Antecedents
Traces
Null elements in a grammar
Formal licensing: the empty category principle
Subjacency and ECP
Some problems
Adjunct movement and the ECP
Subject movement
Non-overt subjects: the pro-drop parameter
The gap in the paradigm: pro
Null subjects in Italian
nflection and pro
The typology of null elements: some discussion
Cross-linguistic variation: the pro-drop parameter
Licensing of pro
Null objects in Italian
The data
Control by the understood object
Constraints on the interpretation of the non-overt
object
The identification of the empty category
Non-overt antecedents of wh-movement
Relative clauses
Empty operators and object relatives
Subject relatives
Null operators in infinitivals
Infinitival relatives
Infinitival adjuncts
Principle C and operator binding
Null objects in Portuguese
Parasitic gapsDescriptionThe PRO hypothesis
Parasitic gaps are tracesExercises
LOGICAL FORM
Introduction and overview
The interpretation of quantifiers
Some concepts from logic
Quantifier movement and Logical Form
Wh-phrases and LF movement
Wh-phrases as operators
Wh-raising
Multiple wh-movement
Wh-in situ and multiple questions in English
Multiple movement
Earliness vs. Procrastinate: some discussion
A note on parasitic gaps
The ECP
Eep effects at LF
Subject-object asymmetries
Argument vs. non-argument and the ECP
Subject-object asymmetries and operators
The application of the ECP
That-trace effects
Two assumptions
Assumption I
Assumption
Applying the proposal
ntermediate traces and the ECP
The problem
ntermediate traces and antecedent-government
ntermediate traces must be antecedent-governed
Reconstruction
The binding theory and reconstruction
P £ronting and reconstruction
Reconstruction and idioms
Two notes on scope interactions between wh-operators and
quantifiers
P-adjunction of quantifiers
Scope reconstruction
Expletive replacement and full int erpretationExercises
BARRIERS
ntroduction and overview
Maximal projections: transparent or opaque?
Case-marking and proper government
n
6.nitivallP
Finite JP
Transparent CP
Transparent small clausesPRO
Opaque small clauses
Opaque CP
Conclusion: maximal projections may or may not be barriers 5S
Defining barriers
L-marking
nheritance
Unifying subjacency and government
Subjacency and barriers
Movement and adjunction
Short movement and long movement
P-adjunction
Heavy NP shift
P-adjunction and quantifier raising
P-adjunction and wh-movement
sland violations
ECP and barriers
Degree of grammaticality: subjacency and ECP
Example 1: extraction from a relative clause
Example 2: extraction from an adjunct
Example 3: extraction from a subject clause
Extraction from complements
Extraction: summar
Discussion section: further data
Subjects and the vacuous movement hypothesis
Noun complement clause
A-chainsExercises
FUNCTIONAL HEADS AND HEAD MOVEMENT
ntroduction and overview
Head movement in English: a first survey
The split INFL hypothesis
Functional projections and the clausal domain
Head movement and the ECP
Functional categories and the projection of N: the DP hypothesis
Extended projections
movement i n the Minimalist Program
The Minimalist Program: a sketch
movement in the Minimalist ProgramExercises
RELA TIVIZED MlNIMALITY
ntroduction d overview
Locality in syntax: some examples
Head-government and locality
A-movement
Wh-movement of adjuncts
Summary: locality relations and interventions
Further illustrations
Negation and Relativized Minimality
Non-referential complements
diom chunks
Arguments
The ECP
Some problems
A disjunctive ECP: theta-government or
antecedent-government
Subject extraction and that-trace effeCts
Head-government and
antecedent-government
Extended chains and
antecedent-government
Overt CO vs. non-overt CO
Adjunct movement and that-trace effects
Adjuncts and Relativized Minimality
A new formulation of the ECP
Formal licensing and identification
Formal licensing: head-government
dentification
Theta government or
antecedent-government
Referential indices
The ECP as a formal licensing conditionA-chains
Further problems
Long head movement
A-positions and A'-positions
ntroduction
The canonical subject position is an A-position
A-positions
A'-positionsExercises